Human Security National and International Security

Question: Discuss about the Human Security for National and International Security. Answer: What is human security and is it a useful concept for the analysis and promotion of contemporary security? According to the human security approach adopted towards national and international security, significance is attached to the human beings and the complex social and economic interactions that are present between them. Sen (2000) had stated that Human security has many useful definitions and characterizations. Therefore it can be said that the notion of human security remains a departure from traditional security studies that had their focus on the security of the state. On the other hand, Gutierrez-Espeleta, 2000 claim that the individuals are the subject of human security approach and the end goal of this approach is to protect the people from traditional (military) and non-traditional threats like disease and poverty. By taking the security agenda beyond the security of the state, it is not replaced but it involves complimenting and creating on it. It is also essential under this approach to comprehend that the deprivation of human security can undermine peace and stability betwee n the states and within the states and similarly, overemphasis on the security of the state can prove to be detrimental for human welfare (Edralin, 2000). Although the state is still the main source of security but the security of the state is not a sufficient requirement for human welfare. The issue of human security significantly entered the academic and policy debates during the 1990s. Although it has been widely used in national and international policy circles but according to Walter (2000) still the definition of this concept is highly contested. As a result of the holistic vision to protect the security of the people, a number of interpretations are available, that have been shaped by the relative understanding of what amounts to a hazard to human security, how to measure the intensity and repercussion of a given thread and with the help of which possible means, such a threat can be removed or prevented. The super national organizations and the coalition of states that have supported this approach can rely on various accomplishments like the Ottawa Convention, establishing the International Criminal Court and also the Optional Protocol to Convention of Rights of the Child (De Ferrantiet al, 2000). According to the 1994 Human Development Report, human security has been described as the safety of the people from long-lasting threats and protecting them from unexpected hurtful disruptions in their everyday life. In this regard, seven types of security have been listed as the various components of human security. These were economic security, health security, environmental security, food security, personal security, political security and community security (Davis, Ed. 2001). A similar definition of human security has also been adopted by the government of Canada that is one of the main supporters of the notion of human security. This definition provides that human security is related with the freedom from prevalent threats to the rights, safety and the lives of the people differ (Hampson and Malone, Eds. 2001,). Depending on what is considered as amounting to the rights and safety of the people, this classification of human security can be considered as constricted or wide. In pr actice, the Government of Canada had decided to focus the human security agenda on the dimension of personal security, in part so that it can be made more different from the notion of human development and also to allow focus conservation on the issues that require international attention (Lincoln, 1995). In the post-cold war era, there have been a number of internal conflicts in which millions of people have lost their lives in Asia, Africa and in the Eastern Europe. These incidents of ethnic cleansing, genocide, mass flow of refugees and lawless States required for immediate response from the international community (Cernea and McDowell, Eds. 2000). In the present age of global communications, where the world has become a global village, it is no longer possible for any governmental turn a blind eye towards the human atrocities being committed on the people in the hotspots of the world. At the same time, Hampson et al., (2002) claim that the international media also significantly contributes in the emerging global conscience by transmitting live images of human suffering and brutal conflict. Therefore, as a result of the humanitarian imperative it is sometimes also called the CNN effect, particularly when it is the result of media reports, pressurized nations and also the individual s to indulge in new initiatives and policy responses for saving the lives of the people and alleviating human suffering (Buzan, Ole and Japp, 1997). In the domain of human security, where this activity of human life is considered as being most important, the most urgent need was to discover effective means and mechanisms that can be used for protecting human beings, particularly the large number of innocent sufferers of armed assaults. Along with this humanitarian action, there was also a need for active efforts for preventing conflict as well as post-war recovery. The notion of stretching the idea of security from state security to the security of individuals was first developed in 1982 by the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues. Bruderlein (2001) claims that the detailed criticism of purely military approach towards security was provided by the Common Security report and it also stressed upon the need for imaging the relationship that exists between the well-being of individuals and security. After several years of latency, there was a significant point in the history related with the rise of the idea of human security. This point was the finish of the Cold War and the reemergence of the long standing arguments within progressive policy circles after it became clear that even if the military threats by the superpowers have disappeared, it does not necessarily mean that the citizens within the states have an enhanced level of security (Brown et al., 1995). The development of the security discussion was also impacted by th e need for dealing with the global social problems that have arisen in context of a globalizing world. The likely threats caused to the lives and well-being of the individuals were in this way extended from being mainly military threats to broadly including economic, health, social and environmental issues. In context of the period immediately after the Cold War and the new development agenda, a new authoritative meaning of human security was provided by the human Development Report of the UN Development Program in 1994. Apart from the military and territorial concerns, it was argued in this report that basically human security is related with human life and dignity. For the purpose of analysis, the UNDP disentangled the four basic characteristics; it is universal, the constituents of human security are inter-reliant, it can be best safeguarded by prevention and focus of human security is people (Berdal, 1999). At a more substantive level, the report provides the definition of human security that is broad and all-encompassing. Therefore, human security means safety from long-lasting dangers like disease, hunger and the repression for UNDP. At the same time, it also means protection from harmful and sudden disruption created in the everyday life pattern of the people. When human security is understood in these terms, it also includes the policy axiom of "freedom from want" and freedom from fear. Although the UNDP acknowledged different intensity of the possible threats caused to human welfare, these threads have been grouped by the UNDP in seven non-exhaustive security categories. These are, community, food, economic, political, personal, environmental and health. Although the definition of human security that as we provided in this report is too broad and there is an apparent conceptual weakness in it, but the general prescriptions that have been outlined in it remains successful in providing a springboard for academic debate and proved to be a useful organizing concept regarding the work of international organizations during the 1990s (Alkire, 2002). The report of the UNDP in 1994 provided an outlet for academic redefinition of human security. There have been several scholars who have tried to disentangle the dimensions of what looked like an overly unrestrained analytical tool, which due to its all-encompassing nature, may lose meaning. Several scholars have also worked for the re-categorization of what can be called as, the threats to human security (Axworthy, 2001,). As a result of this reconceptualization of human security, the scholars have been involved in a fierce academic debate. But some are in the favor of narrowing the theory of human security to a valuable essence. On the other hand, some other one to preserve the wall is the character of human security. Similarly, it has been argued by some scholars, on the basis of analytical rigour, policy relevance and pragmatism, that the single denominator for the agenda of human security should be the focus on violent threats. According to this view, any list-like description of a possible "bad thing" that may be suffered by the individuals causes a risk to conceptual clarity and due to it, a casual analysis becomes nearly impossible (Annan, 2000). On the other hand, this approach has been opposed by the advocates of broad theorization. According to them, once the referent of security agenda is the individual, it is not possible to disentangle the violent threats faced by the individuals from othe r issues like poverty, disease and environmental degradation that directly cause of death to the safety, self-realization and the freedom of the humans. According to this view, the meaning of human security is not only to fulfill the basic requirements but it also includes the realization of human dignity. There have been some other scholars who have adopted the middle approach by bringing closer the narrow and brought conceptualizations. These scholars have produced an analytical scheme which not only includes elements that, according to them, the human beings may fight or risk their lives for. However the debate is still not settled and is a source of controversy (Adelman, 2001). Particularly, all the attempts that have been made to amend the definition of human security, had to face the exclusive problems of either attaching a value and a priority to the probable threats to human life and they have really justified a choice or to maintain the undefined connotations that were embedded in the original proposal. The term human security is used for the amalgamation of threats that are related with war, genocide and displacement of people. At a minimum level, it includes the freedom from violence and also from the fear of such violence. As compared to the traditional concepts of security, under which the focus is on protecting the borders from outside military aggression, in case of human security, the focus is on the security of the individuals (Acharya, 2001). Therefore it can be said that the concept of human security and national security need to be mutually reinforcing. However this does not mean that secures this also means secure people. It needs a mention in this regard that a large number of people have been killed by their own governments instead of the foreign armies. In this regard, all the advocates of human security are of the opinion that individuals need to be the focus of security. But this consensus is not available when it comes to deciding the threats to the individuals tha t can be considered as the human security issues. The supporters of narrow definition of the term human security are of the opinion that focus should be on violent threats faced by the individuals and communities. The supporters of broad definition, which was also mentioned in the 1994 HDR, believe that threats to livelihoods, human dignity, hunger, pollution, disease and other harms, apart from violence should also be treated as the issues falling under human security. References Acharya, A. 2001. Human Security: East versus West. International Journal. 442-460 Adelman, H. 2001. From refugees to forced migration: The UNHCR and human security. The International Migration Review. 35:1 7-32 Alkire, S. 2002, Valuing Freedoms: Sens Capability Approach and Poverty Reduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press Annan, Kofi Al. 2000. Millennium Report of the Secretary-General of the UN -We the Peoples The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century New York: United Nations Department of Public Information Axworthy, L. 2001, Human Security and Global Governance: Putting People First. Global Berdal, M. 1999. International Security after the Cold War: Aspects of Continuity and Change. In Spillmann and Wenger, Towards the 21st Century: Trends in Post-Cold War International Security Policy. Bern, Germany: Peter Lang. 19-56 Brown, M. E., Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. M., Eds. 1995, The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security. Cambridge and London: MIT Press. Bruderlein, C. 2001, Peoples security as a new measure of global stability. RICR / IRRC. June 2001. 83:842 Buzan, B., Ole W. and Japp De W. 1997, Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Reinner Publishers. Cernea, M. M. and McDowell, C. Eds. 2000 Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Davis, A, Ed. 2001, Regional Media in Conflict: Case Studies in Local War Reporting. London: Institute for War and Peace Reporting De Ferranti, D., Guillermo E. P., Gill I.S. and Servn L. 2000, Securing Our Future in a Global Economy. Washington: Latin American Division of the World Bank Edralin, J. 2000, Capacity Development and Training of Local Governments for Sustainable Human Security Programs: A Conceptual Framework, UNCRD Phase 2 Evans, T. 2001. The Politics of Human Rights: A Global Perspective. London: Pluto Press. Governance Gutierrez-Espeleta, E. 2000, Human Security and Environmental Change: A Methodological Proposal A Case Study in Central America. Paper presented in the GECHS/ENRICH Meeting held in Syros, Greece, 7-9 September 2000. Hampson, F. O. and Malone, D Eds. 2001, From Reaction to Conflict Prevention: Opportunities for the UN in the New Millennium. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner. Hampson, F. O., with Daudelin, J. B. Hay, Todd M., and Reid H. 2002, Madness in the Multitude: Human Security and World Disorder. Ottawa: Oxford University Press. Lincoln, C. 1995, Human Security: Concepts and Approaches. in Tatsuro Matsumae and Lincoln Chen, Eds. Common Security in Asia. Tokyo: Tokai University Press Walter, D. A. 1999-2000, Small Arms, Human Security, and Development. Development Express, No. 5.

Oliver Stone free essay sample

A look at the career and work of film director Oliver Stone. This paper presents an autobiography of the famous film director, Oliver Stone. The author discusses Stones career, famous works and examines the main themes of his films such as political events and social history. Oliver Stone is a director who rose to success against high odds through hard work and perseverance. He began as a screenwriter for the film industry and saw script after script either rejected or rewritten by other, more senior and established writers. His directorial debut was a low-budget horror film released in 1974 called The Hand, but his first real success was as a writer. The movie Midnight Express (1978) earned him an Academy Award for best screenplay adaptation. He next returned to directing with Seizure (1981), followed by his third effort Salvador in 1986 which was characterized by inventiveness and frugality which earned him the opportunity to make Platoon (1986) based on his own screenplay. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Stone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Platoon redefined Vietnam War films and earned four Academy Awards including best director and best picture.

Sample Essay For a Scholarship

Sample Essay For a ScholarshipWriting a sample essay for a scholarship or personal statement is the same as writing a standard essay. You are encouraged to write in your best academic voice. Some great tips to get you started include knowing your topic limitations. You should not use general words like 'I'we' in your essay because it can limit your use of the essay.For example, write a paragraph on first impressions. How do you feel about a certain person and what do you think is most important in a relationship? What characteristics would you expect from this person? Write down these observations and ideas so that you will be able to follow your examples.Study famous quotations or sayings from various countries. You can start out by writing about how you have heard these people's speeches. For example, have you ever heard the famous line, 'The pen is mightier than the sword' from a samurai warrior?Examples like these can inspire you to create a short essay that you will use for your essay or other research. You may find that you come up with an idea when you are listening to a speech or when you are reading something on your favorite website. Your short personal statement for a scholarship will bring your own point of view to life.You should list down every detail about yourself in your personal statement for a scholarship. You may include things like your major, your awards, or your athletic achievements. Your education background, athletic prowess, and your values will help give you an idea of your background and the type of person you want to be.Many scholars prefer to use examples that are real rather than fictional. They enjoy the thrill of the mystery. For example, you may use the life of a famous writer to show what your life is like or you may choose to show what your life was like when you were young.If you are a college professor, you may want to compare yourself to famous teachers. You may find that you feel the same way about your students or you m ay feel that you are more advanced in the field than these famous professors. The examples you give should reflect what you feel is the truth about you. If they do not match the true traits of your personality, then you may want to look at adding a new one.If you find yourself wanting to give a presentation or give a speech in front of a crowd, you may want to consider using examples of public speaking. You may want to use this type of example for a college scholarship, thesis defense, a speech you will give at a wedding, a political event, or for any speech you will give. Students with personalities similar to public speakers will also enjoy using examples of public speaking.

MLA Referencing †Citing a Journal Article

MLA Referencing – Citing a Journal Article MLA Referencing – Citing a Journal Article In the liberal arts and humanities subjects, MLA referencing is commonly used for citing sources in college papers and academic publications. This includes citing articles from both print and electronic journals, which is what we’re looking at in this blog post. In-Text Citations The rules for citing an article in the main text of your paper are the same regardless of whether you’re referencing a print or online journal. With MLA referencing, this means giving the author’s name and page numbers for the passage cited in parentheses: Neo-formalism is one of â€Å"the more notable methodological approaches to literary studies† (Markovits 591). If the author’s name already appears in the text, only the page numbers for the passage cited need to be given in parentheses after the quotation: Markovits describes neo-formalism as one of â€Å"the more notable methodological approaches to literary studies† (591). Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author Some other parenthetical referencing formats use a year of publication to distinguish between texts when multiple sources by the same author are cited in a paper. Since MLA uses a citation format with no year of publication, however, a different approach is required. With a journal article, this means giving a shortened version of the article name in addition to the author’s surname and relevant page numbers. If both the author’s name and a shortened title appear in a citation, they should be separated with a comma. For two articles by Stefanie Markovits, for instance, this might appear as follows: According to Markovits, â€Å"programmatically formalist reading needn’t bracket cultural and historical concerns (â€Å"Form Things† 591). Consequently, we can draw upon neo-formalism while still considering the significance of Jane Austen’s â€Å"fallen bodies† (Markovits, â€Å"Jane Austen and the Happy Fall† 779). Austen having a happy sit down. Page (Print Journal) With MLA, all sources cited in a paper should be listed with full publication information on a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. With a print journal article, this means providing the following details (accurate for the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook): Author surname, first name(s). Title of Article.  Title of Journal, volume, issue, year, complete page range. In practice, this would look something like the following: Markovits, Stefanie. â€Å"Form Things: Looking at Genre through Victorian Diamonds.† Victorian Studies, vol. 52, no. 4, 2010, pp. 591-619. Page (Online Journal) For articles that are also available online, you should also provide a DOI or URL and a date of access in the â€Å"† list. For instance: Markovits, Stefanie. â€Å"Jane Austen and the Happy Fall.† Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 47, no. 4, 2007, pp. 779-97, www.jstor.org/stable/4625140. Accessed 5 Oct. 2016. If citing a scholarly journal article which is only available electronically, it isn’t necessary to provide page numbers (a DOI/URL and date of access are still required).

Bruh

Tuba talks about crime on the streets, the war on drugs, the treatment of black people by police and difficulties of life in the ghetto. He sends a message to all Americans that there needs to be a change in this world. He also talks about poverty and how it leads to crime. Tuba says in his song My stomach hurts, so IM looking for a purse to snatch because people are poor they must commit crimes to feed them and their families. Changes is all about these problems African Americans face in the world at this time.Tuba sees no changes from the civil rights movement in the ass. The song changes by Tuba Shaker is one of the rappers In this song, many racial-profiling, poverty and racism affect the everyday life of African- Americans. In the song Changes, Tuba gives an inside look at the daily life of a poor African-American. Tuba seems to be trying to express the idea that changes needs to be made in order to put an end to poverty and racism that African-Americans face every day. Tuba also criticizes the dispersion of African-Americans over the idea to unite and overcome the poverty and racism they face. Objects concerning African-Americans injustices are being conveyed.

How Critical and Cultural perspectives influenced a specific Music Essay

How Critical and Cultural perspectives influenced a specific Music artistgenre of the 1960's - Essay Example Ray Charles was enrolled at the Saint Augustine School for the Blind in Florida, where he learnt Braille. He also learnt to play the piano and clarinet/saxophone. He had to rely heavily on his excellent memory for music as he did not have the advantage of sight. Ray Charles also had a gift of perfect pitch, which greatly aided his musicianship. At only 15, he lost his mother and after two years, his father also passed on. His suffering inspired him to greater heights. He graduated from St. Augustine School an started traveling with country music road bands. This enriched his quality of music when he later added western music to his repertoire. He also toured with rhythm and blues bands as an instrumentalist. Among the instruments he played are the piano, clarinet and saxophone. He also an arranger and composer. His early influences as a singer were: blues singers, Guitar Slim and Parcy Mayfield. Lloyd Glenn influenced his piano. Eventually, it was his mixed styles, his voice texture and his versatile falsetto range and his emotional appeal that combined to bring out a unique vocal artistry. (UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2003) In the late 2005, John Burk, Concord Records A & R chief and producer of Ray Charles Grammy Award wining blockbuster album "Genius Lovers Company" came upon some tapes recorded in the 70s, apparently concert tapes. The tapes were made by the legendary impresario producer Norman Granz. (All About Jazz, 2006). Though the tapes recovered were not the greatest quality, the music was recorded to produce a beautiful, authentic and irreplaceable work of music. His music from the 60s combines with the latest technology to bring about yet another astounding performance from Ray Charles. Whatever beauty the technology in the 60s couldn't capture, the new technology has been able to capture and in the process, still manage to show the uniqueness of Ray Charles' genius. Ray Charles once said that in music, there's only either good or bad music. That also, in music you just can't escape when something is good (Ray Charles Biography 2004). Ray Charles set the aesthetic standards for more than 50 years across the board; Blues, R&B, Country. He has inspired many in the music industry as no other can. Indeed he has fans even out of the entertainment industry inspired by him. In an answer to those who thought that his being influenced by both secular and gospel music was sacrilegious, Ray said that one could not run away from themselves. He was brought up in the church, but at the same time, he would listen to secular music from jukeboxes. It was this open mindedness in music that led him to pioneer a new style in music hence opening the door for many young performers to follow. He has inspired many new stars in the music industry who admired his talent and independent spirit. Growing up in the south in the 50s and 60s where racism was deeply rooted, Ray fought racism and against its divisions. Once he was booked to perform in a concert. He had no idea it was going to be segregated. The white members of the audience were downstairs while the black fans sat upstairs. He told the music promoter he didn't mind performing, as long the black people sat downstairs, closer to him. (Ray Charles: A giant of American Music 2004). In his efforts against

Strategic Analysis of Costa Coffee Market Entry to Azerbaijan Assignment

Strategic Analysis of Costa Coffee Market Entry to Azerbaijan - Assignment Example The chosen country is Azerbaijan which is located in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range. (CIA 2012). It is of utmost importance that the company finds the niche factors that will guaranty its successful entry in Azerbaijan. Initial to the process is a research that analyzes the market. Objectives to be met are: a) to discover any advantage Costa Coffee may have over its competitors; b) To find if there is an unmet need or underserved needs of customers; and c) find the right segment. To complete the analysis, use of Michel Porter's model of analysis is prescribed. 1. Consumer Demographics. Azerbaijan has a total population of 9,643,000 as of 2011 (CIA). It is composed of 3,436,459 females and 3,307,88l males in the bracket of ages 15-64 and a male population of 227,172 and 367,675 bracket of 65 years and above. Population is composed of Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.9% (1999 census). Population growth rate is 1.017% with a rank of 114 in world comparison. Baku, its capital holds 1.9 million people. 2. Product/service. Tea and coffee remain to be the favorite hot drinks in Azerbaijan. Euromonitor (2012) reports tea is consumed by almost 100% of its citizens, while coffee remains to be one of the stable areas in hot drinks, Multinationals strongly positioned here are Nestle, Unilever, and Ahmad due to the popularity of their brands. Brand loyalty is very strong in coffee. Their business structures are general partnership agreement with an LLC for Nestle, a trading company for Unilever, and corporation for Ahmad coffee. 3. Distribution channel. Hot tea and coffee products are sold in supermarkets and independent stores.